第五章、Vue3高级

目录

二十一、项目搭建规范

1、创建项目
vue create vue3-ts
? Please pick a preset: 
    - Manually select features
? Check the features needed for your project: 
    - Choose Vue version, Babel, TS, Router, Vuex, CSS Pre-processors, Linter
? Choose a version of Vue.js that you want to start the project with 
    - 3.x
? Use class-style component syntax? 
    - No
? Use Babel alongside TypeScript (required for modern mode, auto-detected polyfills, transpiling JSX)? 
    - Yes
? Use history mode for router? (Requires proper server setup for index fallback in production) 
    - No
? Pick a CSS pre-processor (PostCSS, Autoprefixer and CSS Modules are supported by default): 
    - Sass/SCSS (with dart-sass)
? Pick a linter / formatter config: 
    - Prettier
? Pick additional lint features: 
    - Lint on save
? Where do you prefer placing config for Babel, ESLint, etc.? 
    - In dedicated config files
? Save this as a preset for future projects? 
    - No
? Pick the package manager to use when installing dependencies: 
    - NPM
2、代码规范
a、.editorconfig(编辑器编辑风格)
# http://editorconfig.org

root = true

[*] # 表示所有文件适用
charset = utf-8 # 设置文件字符集为 utf-8
indent_style = space # 缩进风格(tab | space)
indent_size = 2 # 缩进大小
end_of_line = lf # 控制换行类型(lf | cr | crlf)
trim_trailing_whitespace = true # 去除行首的任意空白字符
insert_final_newline = true # 始终在文件末尾插入一个新行

[*.md] # 表示仅 md 文件适用以下规则
max_line_length = off
trim_trailing_whitespace = false
b、prettier(代码格式化风格)
npm i -D prettier
{
  "useTabs": false,
  "tabWidth": 2,
  "printWidth": 80,
  "singleQuote": true,
  "trailingComma": "none",
  "semi": false
}
* useTabs:使用tab缩进还是空格缩进,选择false
* tabWidth:tab是空格的情况下,是几个空格,选择2个
* printWidth:当行字符的长度,推荐80,也有人喜欢100或者120
* singleQuote:使用单引号还是双引号,选择true,使用单引号
* trailingComma:在多行输入的尾逗号是否添加,设置为 `none`
* semi:语句末尾是否要加分号,默认值true,选择false表示不加
/dist/*
.local
.output.js
/node_modules/**

**/*.svg
**/*.sh

/public/*
{
  "scripts": {
    "prettier": "prettier --write ."
  }
}
c、eslint(代码风格检测工具)
npm i -D eslint-plugin-prettier eslint-config-prettier
module.exports = {
  root: true,
  env: {
    node: true
  },
  extends: [
    'plugin:vue/vue3-essential',
    'eslint:recommended',
    '@vue/typescript/recommended',
    '@vue/prettier',
    '@vue/prettier/@typescript-eslint',
    // 解决eslint和prettier的冲突
    'plugin:prettier/recommended'
  ],
  parserOptions: {
    ecmaVersion: 2020
  },
  rules: {
    'no-console': process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production' ? 'warn' : 'off',
    'no-debugger': process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production' ? 'warn' : 'off',
    '@typescript-eslint/no-var-requires': 'off',
    '@typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any': 'off',
    '@typescript-eslint/explicit-module-boundary-types': 'off'
  }
}
d、git Husky(提交前代码格式化风格)
################
# 1、用于拦截git命令
# 2、项目三处变化:
#     - package.json多一个依赖({"devDependencies": {"husky": ""}})
#     - 项目下多一个.husky目录
#     - package.json多一个脚本({"scripts": {"prepare": "husky install"}})
################
npx husky-init && npm install
#!/usr/bin/env sh
. "$(dirname -- "$0")/_/husky.sh"

npm run lint
e、commitizen(提交信息格式化风格)
npm i -D commitizen
################
# 1、项目两处变化:
#     - package.json多一个依赖({"devDependencies": {"cz-conventional-changelog": ""}})
#     - package.json多一个配置
#       ({"config": {"commitizen": {"path": "./node_modules/cz-conventional-changelog"}}})
################
npx commitizen init cz-conventional-changelog --save-dev --save-exact
{
  "scripts": {
    "commit": "cz"
  }
}
? Select the type of change that you're committing: 
    - 提交的类型
? What is the scope of this change (e.g. component or file name): (press enter to skip) 
    - 提交的范围
? Write a short, imperative tense description of the change (max 87 chars):
    - 提交的简短描述信息
? Provide a longer description of the change: (press enter to skip)
    - 提交的详细描述信息
? Are there any breaking changes? 
    - No
? Does this change affect any open issues? 
    - No
提交的类型 作用 feat 新增特性 (feature) fix 修复 Bug(bug fix) docs 修改文档 (documentation) style 代码格式修改(white-space, formatting, missing semi colons, etc) refactor 代码重构(refactor) perf 改善性能(A code change that improves performance) test 测试(when adding missing tests) build 变更项目构建或外部依赖(例如 scopes: webpack、gulp、npm 等) ci 更改持续集成软件的配置文件和 package 中的 scripts 命令,例如 scopes: Travis, Circle 等 chore 变更构建流程或辅助工具(比如更改测试环境) revert 代码回退
f、commitlint(提交信息风格检测工具)
npm i -D @commitlint/config-conventional @commitlint/cli
module.exports = {
  extends: ['@commitlint/config-conventional']
}
################
# 1、项目一处变化:
#     - .husky下多一个commit-msg文件
################
npx husky add .husky/commit-msg "npx --no-install commitlint --edit $1"
3、项目结构
a、vue.config.js
const path = require('path')

module.exports = {
  // 1、方式一: 通过Vue CLI提供的选项来配置(推荐)
  outputDir: 'dist',
  publicPath: '/',
  // 2、方式二: 通过configureWebpack(与webpack配置选项一致)
  // 2.1、对象:合并webpack配置
  configureWebpack: {
    resolve: {
      alias: {
        components: '@/components'
      }
    }
  },
  // 2.2、函数:修改webpack配置
  /*
  configureWebpack: (config) => {
    config.resolve.alias = {
      '@': path.resolve(__dirname, 'src'),
      components: '@/components'
    }
  },*/
  // 3、方式三:通过chainWebpack(与webpack配置选项一致)
  // 3.1、函数:修改webpack配置
  /*
  chainWebpack: (config) => {
    config.resolve.alias
      .set('@', path.resolve(__dirname, 'src'))
      .set('components', '@/components')
  }*/
}
b、vue-router
npm i -S vue-router@next
import { createRouter, createWebHashHistory } from 'vue-router'
import type { RouteRecordRaw } from 'vue-router'

const routes: Array<RouteRecordRaw> = [
  {
    path: '/',
    redirect: '/home'
  },
  {
    path: '/home',
    component: () => import('../views/Home.vue')
  },
  {
    path: '/about',
    component: () => import('../views/About.vue')
  }
]

const router = createRouter({
  history: createWebHashHistory(),
  routes
})

export default router
import { createApp } from 'vue'
import App from './App.vue'
import router from './router'

const app = createApp(App)
app.use(router)
app.mount('#app')
<template>
  <div>
    <router-link to="/home">Home</router-link>
    <router-link to="/about">About</router-link>
  </div>
  <router-view />
</template>
c、vuex
npm i -S vuex@next
import { createStore, useStore as useVuexStore } from 'vuex'
import user, { IUserState } from './modules/user'

export interface IRootState {
  user: IUserState
}

export default createStore<IRootState>({
  modules: {
    user
  }
})

export function useStore() {
  return useVuexStore<IRootState>()
}
import { IRootState } from '@/store'

export interface IUserState {
  token: string
  userInfo: {
    id: string
    nickname: string
  }
}

const user: Module<IUserState, IRootState> = {
  namespaced: true,
  state() {
    return {
      token: '',
      userInfo: {
        id: '',
        nickname: ''
      }
    }
  },
  mutations: {},
  actions: {}
}
export default user
import { createApp } from 'vue'
import App from './App.vue'
import store from './store'

const app = createApp(App)
app.use(store)
app.mount('#app')
<template>
  <div></div>
</template>

<script lang="ts">
import { defineComponent } from 'vue'
import { useStore } from '@/store'

export default defineComponent({
  setup() {
    const store = useStore()
    console.log(store.state.user.token)
    return {}
  }
})
</script>

<style lang="scss" scoped></style>
d、element-plus
npm i -S element-plus
import { createApp } from 'vue'
import App from './App.vue'
import ElementPlus from 'element-plus'
import 'element-plus/dist/index.css'

const app = createApp(App)
app.use(ElementPlus)
app.mount('#app')
<template>
  <el-button type="primary">黄婷婷</el-button>
</template>
e、axios
npm i -S axios
* Promise<any>指定了泛型,则resolve(res)和.then(res=>{})的res就是any类型
* axios配置默认值优先级:请求的config参数 > 实例的defaults属性
* axios实例多个拦截器会合并,执行顺序是从后往前
import axios from 'axios'
import type { AxiosRequestConfig } from 'axios'
import Cookies from 'js-cookie'

const service = axios.create({
  baseURL: process.env.VUE_APP_BASE_API,
  timeout: 5000
})

service.interceptors.request.use(
  (config) => {
    // 1、请求头添加令牌
    const token = Cookies.get('token')
    if (token && config.headers) {
      config.headers.Authorization = `Bearer ${token}`
    }
    return config
  },
  (error) => {
    return Promise.reject(error)
  }
)

service.interceptors.response.use(
  (response) => {
    // 2、处理后端接口统一响应结果的状态码
    switch (response.data.code) {
      case 999:
        console.log('错误')
        break
      default:
    }
    return response
  },
  (error) => {
    // 3、处理http的状态码
    switch (error.response.status) {
      case 401:
        console.log('未认证或令牌过期')
        break
      case 403:
        console.log('无权限访问拒绝')
        break
      default:
    }
    return Promise.reject(error)
  }
)

interface IResponseBody<T = any> {
  code: number
  data: T
  message: string
}

export default function <T = any>(
  config: AxiosRequestConfig
): Promise<IResponseBody<T>> {
  return service(config).then((res) => {
    return res.data
  })
}
import request from '@/utils/request'

export function login(data: any) {
  return request({
    url: '/user/login',
    method: 'post',
    data
  })
}
<template>
  <div></div>
</template>

<script lang="ts">
import { defineComponent } from 'vue'
import { login } from '@/api/user'

export default defineComponent({
  setup() {
    login({}).then((res) => {
      console.log(res)
    })
    return {}
  }
})
</script>

<style lang="scss"></style>
f、环境变量
* 模式:
    - 脚本命令:vue-cli-service serve(默认--mode development)
      引用文件:.env.development
      NODE_ENV:process.env.NODE_ENV = "development"
    - 脚本命令:vue-cli-service build(默认--mode production)
      引用文件:.env.production
      NODE_ENV:process.env.NODE_ENV = "production"
    - 脚本命令:vue-cli-service build --mode staging(手动指定)
      引用文件:.env.staging
      NODE_ENV:process.env.NODE_ENV = "staging"
* NODE_ENV变量无需手动赋值
* 其他变量应以VUE_APP_开头才会自动注入到代码中
* .env优先级小于.env.development或.env.production等
g、tsconfig.json
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    // 目标代码:babel编译(esnext),tsc编译(es5)
    "target": "esnext",
    // 目标代码模块化方案:es模块化方案(esnext),模块化方案混合使用(umd)
    "module": "esnext",
    // ts严格模式
    "strict": true,
    // jsx处理:不转化处理(preserve)
    "jsx": "preserve",
    // 导入功能辅助
    "importHelpers": true,
    // 解析模块方式:后缀名顺序查找文件(node)
    "moduleResolution": "node",
    // 跳过第三方库的类型检测
    "skipLibCheck": true,
    // 源代码模块化方案:模块化方案混合使用
    "esModuleInterop": true,
    "allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true,
    // 是否生成映射文件
    "sourceMap": true,
    // 文件解析路径
    "baseUrl": ".",
    // 解析类型
    "types": [
      "webpack-env"
    ],
    // 路径别名(与webpack配置对应)
    "paths": {
      "@/*": [
        "src/*"
      ]
    },
    // 基础类型库
    "lib": [
      "esnext",
      "dom",
      "dom.iterable",
      "scripthost"
    ]
  },
  "include": [
    "src/**/*.ts",
    "src/**/*.tsx",
    "src/**/*.vue",
    "tests/**/*.ts",
    "tests/**/*.tsx"
  ],
  "exclude": [
    "node_modules"
  ]
}
h、shims-vue.d.ts
/* eslint-disable */
/**
 * 1、声明.vue文件:.vue文件导出的component对象的类型是DefineComponent<{}, {}, any>
 * 2、.vue文件defineComponent函数:
 *     - 源码:function defineComponent(options) {return options}
 *     - 作用:可以使options具有类型限制
 */
declare module '*.vue' {
  import type { DefineComponent } from 'vue'
  const component: DefineComponent<{}, {}, any>
  export default component
}

二十二、项目实战细节

1、获取组件实例的类型
<template>
  <div>
    <son-component ref="sonComponentRef"></son-component>
    <el-button @click="clickHandler">减1按钮</el-button>
  </div>
</template>

<script lang="ts">
import { defineComponent, ref } from 'vue'
import SonComponent from './son-component.vue'

export default defineComponent({
  components: { SonComponent },
  setup() {
    const sonComponentRef = ref()
    type SonComponentType = InstanceType<typeof SonComponent>

    const clickHandler = () => {
      /**
       * 1、函数签名以new关键字为前缀:
       *     - var BankAccount: new() => BankAccount;
       *       则BankAccount函数只能以new BankAccount()方式调用
       * 2、InstanceType获取构造函数的实例类型:
       *     - InstanceType<typeof SonComponent>;
       *       获取子组件实例的类型
       */
      const sonComponentInstance: SonComponentType = sonComponentRef.value
      // 3、组件实例中的属性并不是ref对象,而是proxy对象,所以不需要.value
      sonComponentInstance.person.age--
    }

    return {
      sonComponentRef,
      clickHandler
    }
  }
})
</script>
<template>
  <div>{{ person }}</div>
  <el-button @click="clickHandler">加1按钮</el-button>
</template>

<script lang="ts">
import { defineComponent, ref } from 'vue'

export default defineComponent({
  setup() {
    const person = ref({
      name: '黄婷婷',
      age: 18
    })

    const clickHandler = () => {
      person.value.age++
    }

    return {
      person,
      clickHandler
    }
  }
})
</script>